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Creating a Humanistic Community under the
Concept of Dialectical Deep Ecology: Constraints
and Optimizations Go Hand in Hand
To cite this article: Liu Yidan and Ning Qiao 2020 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 610 012017
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EI2E 2020
IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 610 (2020) 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/610/1/012017
Creating a Humanistic Community under the Concept of
Dialectical Deep Ecology: Constraints and Optimizations Go
Hand in Hand
LIU Yidan1 and NING Qiao1,*
1Department of Architecture, School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University,
17922 Jingshi Road, Li Xia District, Jinan, Shandong P. R. China
*E-mail: yushou@sdu.edu.cn
Abstract. This paper discusses the implementation strategies of creating an eco-community in
the new era from an overall perspective of ecological philosophy. First, based on the review
and dialectical analysis of relevant research on eco-community and deep ecology, it points out
the dilemma we are facing in the process of eco-community construction, the lack of
implementation guidance between theory and practice in China, and the applicability of
ecological philosophy perspective. It then proposes a coping attitude to create a people-
oriented community under the overall ecological view; second, this paper makes a targeted
analysis of the typical cases and gets some innovation inspiration; finally, based on the above
theoretical and practical analysis, from the ecological, economic and social aspects, the paper
puts forward the strategies of creating an eco-community with both constraints and
optimization, to provide help for the transition stage of completing self-realization of
ecological consciousness. This paper aims to jump out of the narrow humanism, start from the
overall ecosystem to the concrete operation of creating a community, to better implement
ecological strategies, and guide the community to complete the upgrade and transformation.
1. Introduction
The community is not only the living unit of human groups in the city but the most basic group space
for people to live. Due to the advanced nature of social development today, human beings in the
community are facing the dilemma in the process of self-awakening, a choice between a better
ecological environment and a better quality of life. Besides, the core value of deep ecology cannot be
ignored in the process of creating an eco-community in the context of contemporary society. It should
be noted that for the theoretical and practical research of the eco-community, there is little analysis of
eco-community creation from the perspective of ecological philosophy, and implementing eco-
community also lacks theoretical support. Therefore, this paper analyzes and interprets the basic unit
community in urban development from various aspects, combining dialectical deep ecology. It comes
up with the method of eco-community construction with constraints and optimizations to promote the
implementation of the eco-community and guide the completion of the upgrade and transformation of
urban communities in the self-realization transition phase of ecological awareness.
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 610 (2020) 012017 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/610/1/012017
2. Literature review, problem discovery and coping attitude
2.1. Eco-community
2.1.1. The concept and implementation of eco-community. The community is the basic operational unit
and an important carrier of the urban living environment. As the basic unit of eco-city, the community
is an important part of eco-city, and also the key to the implementation of eco-city [1].
The idea of the eco-community has a long history, and has witnessed a continuous exploration from
generation to generation. In China, ancient related works such as Guanzi and Zhaijing have proposed
that the form of residences and settlements should be constructed according to the external ecological
environment [2]-[3]. But for the phased feature of China's development, the related theories lacked the
overall level of systematicness and strict historical, logical interpretation. In the West, the idea of eco-
design was formed after a well-developed industrial civilization. The original was the 'Garden City'
proposed by Ebenezer Howard, which enlightened people's ecological awareness in community
construction [4]. Subsequently, from the end of the 19th century to the 1980s, through the budding
period, the exploration period, and the formation period, the principles of ecology began to be applied
to urban community planning, emphasizing the pursuit of 'human-society-environmental' harmonious
humanism [5]-[7].
From the 1990s to the present, western eco-community has gradually matured. In 1991, the concept
of eco-community was first proposed by Robert Gilman, who believed that eco-community is a
human-scale and multi-functional residential area, where human life is combined with the natural
environment in a harmless way [8]. In 1995, 'Global Eco-village Network, GEN' was established in
Findhom, Scotland. It presented that eco-community is a city or rural community that integrates a
sustainable lifestyle. Residents of their communities achieve the goal of combining a cooperative
social environment with a low-affected lifestyle [5]. After entering the 21st century, eco-community
has become a common concern area. Successful implementation cases include the Eco-community in
Findhom and the Zero Carbon Community in Beddington, UK, and the Vauban Community and the
Field Community in Freiburg, Germany. In order to further regulate the construction of eco-
community, various index systems were introduced, such as the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED) developed in US, the Building Research Establishment Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM) developed in UK, the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built
Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) developed in Japan, and some sustainable standards developed in
Germany and Dutch [5].
In the 1990s, the concept of eco-community was introduced into China. Professor Zhu Xijin
proposed in 1994 that eco-community is a human habitation, which can strengthen the role of
settlements as a base for human development, integrate the ecological functions of multi-phase and
multi-level environments, and strengthen the self-coordination ability of the residential area [9]. Shen
Qingji believed that the eco-community is a human settlement of the city which is planned,
constructed, operated and managed under the guidance of the basic principles of ecology [10].
Afterwards, some scholars believed that the characteristics of eco-community should include public
participation, mixed functions, cultural context, human-community-environment symbiosis, and some
other diversified features [5]. From 1980s, the practice has gone from the slogan of clean communities
to the community construction wave in the 1990s until the trend of building the ecological civilization
in the community. After entering the 21st century, the government have successively issued several
guiding documents on the construction eco-community, such as the Technical Assessment Handbook
for Ecological Residence of China in 2001, which provides an ecological perspective for the
construction of residential areas. Then the state issued a series of relevant standards, such as the
Evaluation Standard of Green Building in 2006, and the Technical Requirement for Environmental
Labeling Products Eco- Housing in 2007 [5].
In general, no matter in the West or China, people emphasize the coordinated development of
nature-economy-society in community construction, and the participation of multiple subjects during
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eco-community construction. However, compared with the West, although China has developed
relevant concepts and consciousness, and has issued many policies, the corresponding implementation
is difficult. This is because the research in China started late, and there is a lack of theoretical guidance
on how to implement between the theory and the practice.
2.1.2. Problems and reasons for the difficulty of implementing eco-community. At present, the
construction of eco-community in China is in the stage of practical exploration, and still need to carry
out a lot of research and exploration [5]. Among them, there have emerged some problems in
implementing ecological concepts, mainly reflected in the low active participation of residents.
In the context of rapid urbanization and the development of advanced technologies, we face a
dilemma in the choice of community life. On the one hand, we hope to have a better natural
environment; on the other hand, we want more new gadgets and faster cars, then we are becoming the
modern Janus (figure 1) [11]. However, many planners ignore such contradictions and the selfishness
of people in community planning and design. The beautiful wishes held by planner are contrary to the
characteristics of individual pursuit and enjoyment, which is a fact that it is difficult to break through.
Most of Chinese current research and practice is concentrated on a relatively shallow level. Although
attention is paid to the participation of users and the place-making, how to better implement ideas is
the difficulty of promoting the ecologicalization of communities in cities. Such a contradiction is not
hopeless. The dialectical deep ecology concept can resolve and coordinate it, so that these two good
wishes can be interdependent. Looking at the aforementioned theories, for the construction of eco-
community, how to implement ideas and planning theories are rarely put together, and there is little
connection with the perspective or ecological philosophy. Therefore, this paper attempts to guide the
reader to jump out of the planning and design of the eco-community itself, and to look at the problem
from a new perspective, hoping to give full play to human subjective initiative to create communities
based on the overall ecological view.
Figure 1. Janus: a modern god of two faces.
Figure 2. The evolution of the relationship
between humans and nature.
2.2. Dialectical deep ecology
In fact, as early as the World Future Research Conference held in 1972, ecological philosophers Arne
Naess first proposed the concept of deep ecology. The concept was formally elaborated in 1973 in his
paper The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement, pointing out that whereas shallow
ecology only focuses on surface phenomena such as pollution and resource depletion, deep ecology
takes into account complex issues such as population policies, resource policies and new pollution-free
technologies [11]-[13]. Naess argued that shallow ecology is anthropocentric and only cares about
human interests. Deep ecology is non-anthropocentric and holistic and is concerned with the interests
of the whole nature. Naess criticized the narrow humanism and called for people to discuss and think
about the world with a holistic ecological view (figure 2) [14].
Deep ecology originated and matured in the United States, Europe, and other western societies.
From the 1960s to the present, it has experienced the budding stage, the initial stage, the development
stage, the mature stage, and the comprehensive development stage [12]. In the 1980s, the Australian
ecologist Fox further perfected the theory of deep ecology. In his book Toward a Transpersonal
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Ecology, he made up for the lack of attention to individuals in the theory system of Naess by defining
'beyond the individual' [15]. And Alan Drengson compiled The Selected Works of Arne Naess:
Volumes 1-10 in 2005, which systematically collected the works of Naess and became the most
comprehensive work reflecting his theoretical ideas [12][16]. After this idea was introduced into China,
it has also received attention and in-depth research by Chinese academia. Lei Yi from Tsinghua
University is a representative scholar. His book Deep ecology: Interpretation and integration
systematically analyzes the generation, theoretical system, core issues, discipline foundation and
integration, and practice of deep ecology [12][17].
The emergence of deep ecology is the modern environmental movement, especially the transition
of ecological ideology from shallow to deep [12]. However, some scholars believe that this concept is
more radical. The Indian scholar Ramachandra Guha pointed out that deep ecology distinguishes
human attitudes toward nature as human-centric and ecological-centric, and then takes ecological
integrity rather than human needs as the basis for action, which is unacceptable [18]. Admittedly, deep
ecology theory does have certain limitations and is kind of radical. However, its revolutionary value is
undeniable, and its goal help human beings and the environment to be better interdependent, so its
core content can still be applied to different regions, as long as the deep ecology theory can be treated
and applied dialectically. 'Self-realization' is the starting point and the ultimate goal of the whole
theory. Deep ecology puts forward the slogan of 'simple means, rich purposes', and calls for self-
realization by changing the lifestyle. It believes that deep ecological consciousness helps people to
give up the lofty standard of material life autonomously and choose a lifestyle that satisfies the
harmony between humans and nature. However, to complete the self-realization is a lengthy process,
and Naess ignored the fact that human is the main body of understanding and transforming nature.
Without the existence of human subjectivity, a gap will appear between human society and deep
ecological consciousness and self-realization [12]. Therefore, only guide and optimize continuously in
the overall ecological view, and according to the different conditions, can humans complete self-
realization finally.
2.3. Coping attitude: creating a people-oriented community under the overall ecological view
Paying attention to ecological development does not mean to reduce the quality of people's life, but to
build a harmonious life between human society and the environment from an overall ecological
perspective. It is a better choice to guarantee people's quality of life under the premise of complying
with the laws of nature. So we have to change the way we think about nature and human beings
fundamentally. Deep ecologists believe that the goal of deep ecology is to transform the concept of
deep ecology into the guiding ideology of practice. Cultivating the ecological consciousness is the first
step to realize the transformation from the deep ecological theory to the deep ecological practice. By
experiencing the ecology and perceiving nature, we can realize that people are integrated into nature,
to achieve a conscious shift [12]. Therefore, we need to create a pleasant place for people to feel the
ecological and natural beauty, and cultivate people's consciousness transformation by combining
constraints with optimizations, and start the transition from shallow ecology to deep ecology.
Based on the above analysis, looking at the problem from the perspective of ecological philosophy
can improve the practice. Therefore, this paper starts from the dialectical deep ecological concept,
implements the people-oriented concept under the overall ecological view, analyzes different
situations, and proposes appropriate strategies for creating a harmonious life between human society
and the environment, to complete the upgrade and transformation of the community.
3. Reference points from domestic and foreign excellent cases
Since the concept of eco-community was proposed, scholars and enterprises have been focusing on the
research and application. Therefore, some relevant demonstration projects have emerged. The
following is the analysis of some typical excellent cases, to extract the reference points related to this
paper, thus to provide innovation points and inspiration for improving community creating strategies.
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3.1. Extract relevant reference points
Some measures have now been generally used in community building, such as the mixed land mode of
functional diversity; the application of passive green technology, the use of building orientation, the
reasonable setting of trees; the heat preservation and energy storage wall for maximum energy saving.
Moreover, this section selects typical cases of ecological communities in different regions. These
excellent cases have shown their respective advantages in using relevant material resources,
transportation design, land use mode, and other aspects with overall consideration (table 1) [19]-[25].
Table 1. Innovation strategies extraction of typical eco-community cases
Name
Size Innovation
(hm2) Constraints
Los Angeles 4.5
Eco-village,
America [19]
a car-free community
dominated by bicycle and
public transportation; housing
equity cooperative system to
share material resources such
as cars, gardening equipment,
washing machines, and dryers
Teren
6.0
Community,
Netherlands
[20]
a limited number of car
parking spaces; separated
locations between residential
buildings and parking lot
Vauban
41.0 small block division pattern;
Community,
using public transportation
Germany [20]
Schoonschip 0.9
Community,
Netherland
[21]
sustainable development
plans formulated by relevant
organizations;
multiple
hearings, projects' initiation,
and supervision committee
PARK20/20, 8.9
Netherland
[22]
the principle of 'ecology,
economy, and fairness'
Scharnhauser 141.0
.
Park,
Germany [23]
Beddington 1.7
Community,
England [24]
Halifax
2.4
Community,
Australia [24]
twelve planning principles
and 21 operational strategies
are proposed
Qinhuangdao 56.0
Community,
China [24]
Longxiang 33.0 garbage classification and
Century,
recycling;
residents'
Optimations
organic planting to supply domestic
demand and improve the utilization of
resources; alternative technologies with
small-scale, low-cost, simple operation,
such as water bio-purification, self-
organization and cooperative residence
mode; various activities and businesses
flexible parking, like the underground
garage or vertical parking lot
the regional response to the site and
climate, using as many local elements
as possible; circulating technology;
modular production; intelligent control
and public participation
the natural elements; the recycling of
key resources and wastes; the history
and the culture
coordinating the relationship between
different types of functional areas to
create more open space
using waste wood and fast-growing
forests grown in the community itself
for energy
a 'community-driven' mode with the
participation
of
international
organizations and residents
various rainwater collection systems
the flood reduction design and the
rainwater resource utilization
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China [24]
autonomy
Chanson Lake 100.0
International
Community,
China [25]
landscape construction simulated by the
ecosystem; circulation improvement of
the local microenvironment under the
infiltration of the river
3.2. Summary and inspiration
Based on the analysis and comparison of the above cases, it can be seen that foreign ecological
communities have diversified strategies. While they have their characteristics of subjectification, they
do not ignore the overall consideration of other aspects. However, the construction of the eco-
community in China started late. Although some demonstration projects of the eco-community have
emerged in succession, they have not yet been fully created. On the one hand, China focuses more on
the application of technology and lacks specific implementation strategies. On the other hand, most of
the ecological communities that China focuses on are medium-sized and large-sized with a single
model. For implementation, it is recommended to demonstrate projects started in small-sized
communities and then extended to large-sized and medium-sized communities as appropriate.
In a word, long-term strategic planning should be made for creating the eco-community, and some
small and specific projects should be implemented. Constraints and optimizations are parallel, and
comprehensive optimizations can be carried out based on ensuring necessary constrained policies.
4. The strategies of creating eco-community with constraints and optimizations
The creation of people-oriented community under the overall ecological concept need to implement
from the ecological, social, and economic aspects. By combining constraints with optimization, we
can focus on the implementation and operation of each link while grasping the whole which is of
guiding significance to both the new community and the existing community transformation.
4.1. Ecology -- regional response to natural elements
Each city has different natural landscape resources. Under the overall ecological view, giving full play
to the subjective initiative of human beings means to restrain the waste of resources, optimize the
recycling system of material resources, to improve the utilization rate of resources, and to make the
artificial recycling system and natural recycling system orderly transit and harmoniously coexistent.
4.1.1. Make use of regional resources to build the community environment. For communities near the
waterfront, water-related elements can be introduced to create a landscape, such as wet-land, water-
friendly platform, and floating gardens on the water. Besides, the unique tidal energy, sea wind energy,
and solar energy at the water edge are utilized for energy supply, which can be combined by relevant
passive technologies (figure 3). For communities in mountainous areas, afforestation should be carried
out following local conditions. And natural forest landscape should be introduced to orderly
connection with man-made forest landscape, such as orchards, to create an aerobic micro-environment
and improve people's physical and mental comfort. Besides, mountainous areas have abundant
biomass energy, which can provide environmental-friendly energy for the community. The black
water discharged by the community can be returned to nature and fertilize the land through filtration
and composting (figure 4). Finally, for communities or villages in the city central district, the rich
public facilities in the downtown can be shared, such as the comfortable environment of ecological
corridors, convenient public transportation, and public service facilities. Basing on the history and
culture of different cities is a proper choice to develop urban agriculture, rain garden, and so on to
create a comfortable micro-environment and an urban ecological cycle (figure 5).
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Figure 3. Schematic diagram of community
resource utilization near the waterfront.
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of community
resource utilization in mountainous areas.
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of resource
utilization of urban eco-community.
Figure 6. The relationship between the three
systems.
4.1.2. An integrated circulatory system. Under the overall ecological view, the building resource
recycling system and the community artificial recycling system are connected with the external
ecological network system, to form an ecological recycling system with both diversity and
connectivity, so that the community and the ecology can borrow advantages from each other and
integrate harmoniously (figure 6).
4.2. Economy -- flexible and reciprocal policies
Based on the existing strategies for the operation process of the design and maintenance of the eco-
community, this paper discusses the constraints and optimizations strategies for the typical problems
related to economic development.
4.2.1. Environmentally friendly priorities. In the policy of restriction and optimization of vehicle
problems, the living region can be divided into the car-owning community and the car-free community
due to the specific situation. In the case of convenient and accessible bus routes, design car-free
communities, and encourage taking a bicycle or public transportation. On the contrary, the community
should limit the number of parking spaces and separate vehicles' locations from residents' building.
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Underground parking spaces should be set up reasonably. Meanwhile, in terms of urban planning,
accessible bus lines should be set up around the community. On this basis, new environment-friendly
travel modes such as new energy vehicles can be developed and popularized. Preferential policies as
the priority option of the well-oriented house type, discounted house price, and complimentary floor
space can be implemented for car free households and households with environmental-friendly travel
ways such as new energy vehicles, public transport, and bicycles. At the same time, it can promote the
economic development of public transportation and new industries.
Similarly, for households equipped with vacuum toilets, urine separation vacuum toilets, household
garbage shredder, household environmental-friendly wood-burning boilers, ceramic tile ovens, solar
water heaters, and other environmentally friendly devices, residents can also get some preferential
policies, such as priority chance of activity. This is equivalent that each household has a point book,
and the more points related to environmentally friendly ecological, economic and social contributions
are accumulated. The more concessions can be obtained.
Of course, every new type of environmentally friendly infrastructure today has its pros and cons,
and residents will weigh the pros and cons. Therefore, it is necessary to develop and improve new
technologies constantly and give reasonable guidance.
4.2.2. Various intensive projects. Develop various intensive projects to enable residents to consume
selectively according to their own needs.
First, in addition to different house types, we can consider adding modular and diversified
combination forms, as well as new relevant sharing strategies such as the operation mode of housing
equity cooperative system, to increase the choice of residents and get a new income channel at the
same time. Second, in car-free communities or intensive parking communities, the saved space can be
provided with more garden or vegetable plots, so that residents with high floors can choose whether to
buy a garden to build their own space after heavy work. Meanwhile, residents can share these garden
plots with the community and develop cooperative projects together, allowing residents to build their
own community environment by planting certain organic edible green landscapes. Finally, residents
can share equipment and infrastructure such as community gym, car, gardening equipment, and be
charged according to relevant costs.
In addition, the community can cooperate with different new enterprises or organizations to
develop different intensive projects jointly, to ensure the full utilization of material resources and the
residents can enjoy a comfortable environment, as well as promote economic development.
4.3. Society -- the leading mode of change and innovation
4.3.1. Innovative operation management. Multi-party organizations can be established to supervise
each other and rationally plan the development of the community industry.
Relevant ecological cycle design organizations can use their professional knowledge and work with
designers to allocate community resources rationally and design the cycle system according to the
location and characteristics of the community, then build a harmonious living environment. The multi-
party hearing management organization can listen to the voices of multiple parties and optimize the
eco-community construction strategy. Relevant evaluation organizations can make a timely and fixed-
point evaluation and analysis on the operation of the community and the relationship between people
and the environment by using ecological footprint method, AHP method and other methods, which can
objectively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages based on the application of existing strategies
and promote the further improvement of eco-community construction. The relevant garbage sorting
and recycling management organization can help and supervise residents to develop good
environmental awareness. On the other hand, the development and reasonable registration of related
industries, such as homestays, picking gardens, related ecological equipment and resource
supplemented firms, and foreign cooperation, can not only standardize community management but
also improve the profits of various parties.
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In a word, the establishment of organizations and emerging industries can solve the employment
problem, improve the commuting efficiency, increase the community income, better carry out
community construction, and promote the harmonious neighborhood relations.
4.3.2. Positive psychological guidance. We will guide residents to upgrade their way of life and
consumption. Conducting interviews and surveys with residents to understand their benefits and
difficulties, and to improve in time. At the same time, the community residents will be given training
and lectures on ecological lifestyle to form their awareness of sharing, recycling, and saving.
Residents will be guided to choose green and healthy products and renewable energy in the
consumption process, follow the principle of recycling in the using process to reduce environmental
pollution. Guide the government to invest in environmentally friendly new technologies, such as rain
gardens and sunken green spaces, to understand the positive results of short-term investment and long-
term returns. Guide the developers to attract talents for the sake of ecological social development.
The designer plays the role of rational allocation of resources who is the coordinator. In the overall
concept, the designer can not only stay on the surface or start on one aspect; when space is built, the
designer should be clear about a word 'pull one hair and the whole body is affected'; In the actual
operation, the designer should distinguish the primary and secondary, according to the natural,
historical, cultural and other resources for subjectification of the tone design.
5. Conclusion
With sustainable urban development, the eco-community construction should not be ignored. Based on
the dialectical theory of deep ecology, it is necessary to jump out of the narrow humanistic perspective
to face the modern dilemma with the overall ecological view, and then to implement the subjective
initiative of human beings and to use the strategy of constraints and optimizations in parallel to create
an ecological place for people to resolve such contradiction. Chinese eco-community construction is in
the primary stage, and the typical eco-community cases can give people some inspiration to improve
in the later stage. Ecological, economic, and social development are complementary to each other.
Therefore, in terms of the ecology, resource waste should be restrained and passive circulatory system
design should be optimized. For the economy, the management methods related to hard targets and
pollution should be restricted, the residents' environmental-friendly experience and the capital cycle
should be optimized. As for the society, policies like setting norms, supervision, and evaluation should
be constrained methods, and the consciousness of the complementary relationship between human
beings, human living space, and the ecosystem should be optimized.
This paper sorts out and innovatively propose the strategies of creating eco-community from the
overall ecological perspective. The paper has an innovative theoretical guiding significance for the in-
depth implementation of the construction of eco-community in the new era, in a bid to plan and design
according to different situations, and build community projects with regional characteristics, which
can be shared, replicated and promoted, and finally improve humans to move towards the self-
realization of ecological consciousness.
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